Alcohol And The Central Nervous System - 1252 Words

Alcohol, like many other drugs, is dose dependent, readily absorbed, and widely distributed. As a result, alcohol affects many organ systems of the body, including the central nervous system (CNS). Alcohol is easily absorbed, is soluble across all biological membranes, and does not bind to any plasma proteins. There is no place in our bodies where alcohol cannot reach. Alcohol absorption occurs between 80-90 minutes, and is affected by whether or not someone has eaten, as this will affect the speed at which the alcohol enters the blood stream. Alcohol is metabolized similarly to food. Approximately 85% of ingested alcohol is metabolized by the liver, 5-10% is metabolized in the stomach, and approximately 5% is excreted, unchanged, through sweat and the lungs. Men metabolize alcohol faster than women. This is due to the fact that women have 50% less enzymes in the stomach that metabolize alcohol than men, and the fact that women have more body fat than men. The blood supply t o fat is much less than that found in muscles. Therefore, alcohol does not get metabolized as quickly in individuals with a higher fat content. When alcohol is metabolized, acetaldehyde, a poisonous byproduct, is formed. Alcohol dehydrogenase breaks down alcohol into acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase further breaks down the poisonous acetaldehyde into acetic acid. Some ethnicities, such as some Asian groups, have less active acetaldehyde dehydrogenase leading to a buildup ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Alcohol On The Body s Central Nervous System2023 Words   |  9 PagesAlcohol is a liquid substance which people drink to have a good time and loosen up. It is a sedative-hypnotic drug that slows down the workings of the body’s central nervous system. Most alcohol is poisonous, however the body can tolerate ethyl alcohol, which is the same stuff that goes in hand sanitizer. Ethyl alcohol on it’s own isn’t much of a drink, that is why it’s mix ed with other things to make it into beer, wine or spirits. To make these drinks the main ingredients are mixed with water, airRead MoreA Short Note On Alcohol, Tobacco, Marijuana, And Opioids1175 Words   |  5 Pagescommonly used substances as described from the course textbook are alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and opioids. Alcohol is a translucent liquid in appearance and has a bitter acquired taste which suppresses brain activity. The intake of alcohol effects the cerebral cortex by ceasing the inhibition of user and develops a relaxed and more social characteristic in the way the user interacts with others. As a depressant, the use of alcohol with its relaxing effect causes impairment in cognition and abilityRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On The Nervous System1280 Words   |  6 Pagescommonly called alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol is the principal type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts. It’s focus on the effect of taking alcohol, especially on teenagers. When teenagers meeting with their friends or having party, maybe because of other people, maybe because of Instant Gratification or because of Misinformation, they may have some alcohol without adults in order to be more excited or ‘cool’. Having alcohol has negativeRead MoreThe Effects of Alcohol on Pilots During Flight Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol is something that has been part of human nature for thousands of years. It has been used by means of medical, social, religious, and cultural settings (Information about Alcohol, n.d.). Alcohol is going to be a product that will be a part of our lives for many years to come, definitely past our lifetime. A problem that we see today is the use of drinking and driving. This is one of life’s more dangerous and stupid activities, but people still decide to do it. People like to push theirRead MoreAlcohol And The Impact On Menta L Health961 Words   |  4 PagesALCOHOL AND THE IMPACT ON MENTA l HEALTH. Alcohol is a legal depressant drug that reduces the function or activity of specific part of the body or brain (www.aquarius.org.uk/alcohol). By having an effects on the central nervous system whereby behavioural control centres decreased inhibitions. Also memory loss and later depression of the nervous system, like tranquilisers. Alcohol absorption and it effect to the liver is metabolised every hour of feeling intoxication reduces the function or activityRead MoreEssay about Narcotics549 Words   |  3 Pages Narcotics: Narcotics decrease the sensitivity to the sensory stimuli because it has a depressant effect on the central nervous system. Opium, morphine, codeine, heroin, meperidine, and methadone are types of narcotics. Natural and synthetic opiates are considered medically valuable because they are effective pain relievers. A reduction of physical activity and drowsiness are the effects of opiates. Once consuming opiate you might feel such uncomfortable feelings as nausea, vomiting and itching.Read MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome ( Fas )1404 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorders is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). According to Feldman (2009), Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a disorder that is induced by pregnant women who have consumed alcohol during the duration of their pregnancy, possibly resulting in mental deformity and delayed the growth of the child. Some characteristics of FAS include growth deficiency and central nervous system dysfunction (Mattson, 2006). Although the child may not be diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, if the child was exposed to alcohol during pregnancyRead MoreEssay on The Dangerous Effects of Alcohol1597 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol is a very serious and dangerous drug, although it is not treated this way anymore. College students have taken drinking to a new level in which, for many, is very scary. Alcohol is much more dangerous than many would think. Kids see a night of drinking as a great way to have fun and party but do no t see the consequences. Getting drunk and even blacking out can lead to many problems. When alcohol is consumed in unhealthy amounts, it can lead to not only short-term effects, but long-termRead MoreEssay about Psychoactive Drugs and Their Effect on Consciousness989 Words   |  4 Pagesdopamine system useless. This will give the user little to no pleasure, which is often followed by an increased amount used in order to chase that high (NIDA). Another common form of psychoactive drugs is depressants, in which many people also have participated in using, particularly in college. The most known of the depressants is alcohol, and many people in college chose to experiment with it. Depressants are substances which slow down the normal function of the central nervous system. Some ofRead MoreMaturational Perspective of Motor Development1162 Words   |  5 Pagescharacteristics and tendencies that influence development. The maturational perspective of motor development focuses on nature influences. The maturational perspective explains functions of maturational processes, particularly through the central nervous system, which control or dictate motor development (Payne Isaacs, 2012). Motor development is an internal process driven by a biological or genetic time clock that can be affected by the environment but does not determine one’s biologically determined

Teenage Pregnancy And Its Effect On Children s Decision...

Raising young teenagers in today’s society is difficult at best. Although the majority of parents aim to raise their children the right way, outside influences and pressures play a role in their child’s decision-making. For instance, promiscuity among adolescents is a constant issues most parents worry about during this stage of development. Teens are learning about sex from friends, movies, and television shows where it is glamorized and seen as something fun and exciting. What they negate to show is the negative aspects of premarital sex, and what comes with making such an important decision before marriage or even prior to reaching the proper maturity level. As a result, instead of focusing on their high school education, they are instead dealing with teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and other negative consequences that follow risky sexual behavior at an early age. Kearney and Levine (as cited by Whalen Loper, 2013) suggest that, â€Å"Despite recent decreases in the rate of teenage pregnancy and increased prevention efforts, the Unites States continues to have the highest rate of teenage births of any industrialized country† (p. 347).Educating teens early may not always prevent them from choosing to engage in sexual behaviors; however, they will be better informed of the risks that come along with making these decisions, and hopefully will cause them to think before they act. Keywords: adolescents, teen pregnancy, STD’s, interventions, risky behaviors, familyShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Teenage Abortion1503 Words   |  7 Pagesare the effects of Teenage Abortion? At a young age, we do not have much say on what we want. A teen mother has part of the saying on the decision she wants to take. She does not only worry about how her decisions will influence her life, but as well as her child. Teenagers always take on their decision making without understanding the effects on them and their lives. About a quarter of all teenage pregnancies in the U.S. end in abortion. Teenage abortion is increasing a lot because teenage mother’sRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Is A Global Problem Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pages Literature Review Teen pregnancy is a global problem, it affects all demographics, but certain populations are at greater risk. Statics show that African-American and Hispanic teenage women in the Unites States have the highest birthrates. Inconsistent research of young African American women is at a greater risk of becoming teenage mothers; the culture may contribute to this trend, though the complex relationships (Furstenberg, 1992; Geronimus, 2003; Sullivan, 1993). According to Trussell (1988)Read MoreReflecting on Sources: An Assignment1879 Words   |  7 Pagesnoted in this worksheet should be related to your big idea, which is the basis of your final project in this course. Save this document to your computer, and submit it through the Unit 4 dropbox, per the instructions in the classroom under Unit 4s Project Description. PART I: PRE-INTERVIEW WORKSHEET DIRECTIONS: Complete each section of the Pre-Interview Worksheet below. Although students are not required to conduct an interview as research for the final project, the process of thinking aboutRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1743 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative media teenage mothers struggle to find the positive sides to motherhood. Teenage pregnancy can be dificult and life changing, but unlike the renowned negative beliefs all over the world, there are positive sides to teenage pregnancy. Most research that is done on teen pregnancy is based on the hardships and struggles on teen mothers, making it easy to forget the good that can come from teen pregnancy. A teenage mother can create a good life for herself and her children. Teenage mothers areRead MoreTeen Pregnancy973 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Pregnancy Speech Teen pregnancy rates sky rocket every year. 560,000 teenage girls give birth each year. One sixth of all United States births are to teenage girls. Teen pregnancy rates are soaring and many teenage girls are impacted negatively because they are unable to fulfill the many responsibilities such as education and financial needs. Something needs to be done to decrease the teen pregnancy rates. None of you will argue that teen pregnancy rates aren’t high. And all agree somethingRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Rates Among Ethnicities1059 Words   |  5 Pages Teen Pregnancy Rates Among Ethnicities Dr. Maria Reid Florida International University Friday, June 17, 2016 Vanessa Romano Stephanie Maquieira Teenage pregnancy has been viewed as an issue for many years, not only for teenage mothers but for babies as well. Much importance has been placed on this subject for the reason that although these rates are declining, they remain elevated. The United States represents over 600,000 American teen pregnancies every year, making this the highestRead MoreThe Social Acceptance of Teen Pregnancy1006 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Pregnancy has become a constant form of societal acceptance. Amongst the ages of 15-19 three quarters out of a million of them ended up pregnant, while only a few of them had planned it. Because of hit television shows like 16 and Pregnant, Teen Mom, Teen Mom 2, and Teen Mom 3, media has made it acceptable for teens to attempt motherhood. In this case, teens are not taking in account the associated health risk and related issues like abortion, lack of care, and mental trauma. The children of teenRead MoreTeenage Abortion Essay examples1177 Words   |  5 PagesTeenag e Women, Abortion and Law Abortion has always been a very controversial issue. This can be due to the fact that people have different beliefs that are emphasized by their own religion and set of moral values. Many people believe that abortion is wrong, but they believe that is it only wrong under certain circumstances. This could be true, but is it more right to kill for a specific reason than to just do it because you made an irresponsible decision? Because of the wide spectrum of religionRead More Teenage Abortion Essays1162 Words   |  5 Pages Teenage Women, Abortion and Law Abortion has always been a very controversial issue. This can be due to the fact that people have different beliefs that are emphasized by their own religion and set of moral values. Many people believe that abortion is wrong, but they believe that is it only wrong under certain circumstances. This could be true, but is it more right to kill for a specific reason than to just do it because you made an irresponsible decision? Because of the wide spectrum of religionRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Teenage Dating1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe Negative Effects of Teenage Dating Sean D. Foster Bellevue University The biggest threat about teenage dating is their inability to maintain a relationship. Teenagers mostly, do not understand the necessity of sustaining a relationship over a period of time. Therefore, frequent break ups and arguments lead to attempts of suicide, teenage pregnancy, STD’s, teen violence, and substance abuse. This happens due to lack of experience and a broader understanding of what relationships are (Dasgupta

Hand washing free essay sample

Research Proposal Sample on Do nurses in radiology wash their hands adequately and of specified time length? Labels: Nursing, Radiology Do nurses in radiology wash their hands adequately and of specified time length? 1. 0 Introduction Radiology refers to the specialty of medicine which deals with the application of imaging technology such as x-ray and radiation to diagnosing and treating disease. Interventional radiology is performed with the guidance of imaging technologies. Medical imaging is a function of the radiographer or the radiologic technologist. Radiology nurses also perform the medical procedure wherein they provide care and support to patients undergoing diagnosis in radiation imaging environments. Some of the medical procedures that radiology nurses involve in are ultrasonography, magnetic resonance and radiation oncology. On the other hand, medical hand hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices related to the administration of medicine and medical care which aimed at preventing or minimizing disease and the spread of these diseases. We will write a custom essay sample on Hand Washing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hand hygiene purports to cleanse the hands of pathogens and chemicals which can further cause personal harm or disease, and is done for a minimum of 15 seconds to 2 to 6 minutes to 10 minutes. Nursing literature had long recognized the importance of good hand hygiene as a major factor in preventing the spread of illness in the care environment. Ellwood (2002) noted that it is very unlikely that health care practitioners observe such a vital practice. For radiology nurses, they have a great opportunity to control nosocomial infection by attending to hand washing. If radiology nurses perform poorly on this, rates of infection would be high and if they will perform well, patients will be spared of the excess morbidity, mortality, longer hospitalizations, psychologic and social distress, and increased health care costs associated with preventable infections (Delaney and Gunderman, 2008). In radiology nursing further, it is yet to discover whether nurses are onsistent in performing such necessary act. 2. 0 Problem Statement The key question that will be addressed in this study is Do radiology nurses adhere to the standard procedure of hand hygiene adequately and effectively? Other research questions are: 1) How do radiology nurses perceive the procedure of hand hygiene? 2) Generally, are radiology nurses aware of the detriments of improper hand hygiene? 3) What are the reasons why radiology nurses perform poorly or well when it comes to hand hygiene? 3. 0 Aim and Objectives The main aim of this study is to evaluate whether radiology nurses are well-aware and competent of the hand hygiene procedure. Specifically, the research purports to:  · Determine the perceptions of radiology nurses of hand hygiene  · Distinguish the reasons behind why radiology nurses perform, inadequately perform and do not perform hand hygiene 4. 0 Methodology The research strategy that the study will utilize is the descriptive method. A descriptive research intends to present facts concerning the nature and status of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study (Creswell, 1994). It is also concerned with relationships and practices that exist, beliefs and processes that are ongoing, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing (Best, 1970). In addition, such approach tries to describe present conditions, events or systems based on the impressions or reactions of the respondents of the research (Creswell, 1994). Descriptive studies make use of observation. The researcher will observe and record the process and the time spent by radiology nurses in washing their hands through n observation log/schedule. This research is also cross-sectional because of limited time. This research is a study of a particular phenomenon (or phenomena) at a particular time. (Saunders et al, 2003) Accordingly, cross-sectional studies often employ the survey strategy, and they may be seeking to describe the incidence of a phenomenon or to compare factors in different organizations. The study will survey 100 radiology nurses. In this study, primary and secondary research will be both incorporated. The reason for this is to be able to provide adequate discussion for the readers that will help them understand more about the issue and the different variables that involve with it. The primary data for the study will be represented by the survey results that will be acquired from the respondents. On the other hand, the literature reviews to be presented in the second chapter of the study will represent the secondary data of the study. The secondary sources of data will come from published articles from books, journals and theses and related studies. References Best, J. W. (1970). Research in Education, 2nd Ed. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice Hall, Inc. Creswell, J. W. 1994. Research design. Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Delaney, L R Gunderman, R B 2008, Hand Hygiene, Radiology Journal. Ellwood, J 2002, Hands on: a critical look at infection control, retrieved on 27 October 2009, from http://www. aromacaring. co. uk. Saunders, M. , Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2003). Research Methods for Business Students, 3rd Ed. London: Prentice Hall Financial Times.

Effective Immunisation Medical Diseases

Question: Describe about the Effective Immunisation for Medical Diseases. Answer: An effective immunisation has been documented to be successful in declining of many diseases (Hull et al., 2013). With this effective medical intervention, children and adults are protected against range of diseases. According to Thompson et al., (2016) the underlying principle of immunisation is provoking a primed status such that upon the initial contact with the infectious agent a secondary immune response will be induced so as to minimise the chance of illness and outbreaks. The objective of immunisation is to provide herd immunity (Tabrizi et al., 2014). It refers to increasing the immune status of the entire population in a given community such that it prevents the successful transmission of the pathogen due to lack of vulnerable to individuals. Infectious diseases prevented by the vaccines include mumps, polio, whooping cause, rubella, diphtheria, and measles. The non-infectious diseases prevented by the vaccines are hepatitis B, human papiloma virus, and others. These are the diseases which caused significant disability and death in pre-immunisation era. In early 19th century, opposition was raised against vaccination owing to religious beliefs and lack of faith on the effectiveness of the vaccination (Allen, 2015). Due to immunisation, there has been an increased awareness of the vaccines side effects. The benefits of immunisation far outweigh the risk from the infections, which it strives to prevent (Levy et al., 2014). Children and newborns are at higher need of vaccination because of poorly developed immune system (Baum et al., 2013). The essay deals with the immunisation status in Australia. Today there are various immunisation programmes available in Australia. In this context, the essay describes the socio-political determinants that have impact on the health of the Australian community. It highlights the three socio-political determinants that are addressed in the immunisation initiatives. The paper also discusses the influence of the socio-political determinants of health on the planning and development of immunisation initiatives and on the outcomes of the immunisation initiatives. The essay uses literature evidence to support the all the facts used in context of immunisation in Australia. Based on the overall discussion the essay draws an overall conclusion. In 1997, Australia has implemented the Immunisation Australia: Seven Point Plan which aims to increase the immunisation status of the children. The Australian Childhood Immunisation Register has expanded to become the Australian Immunisation Register which records the vaccinations provided to Australians of all ages (Edwards Homel, 2016). The government initiative Department of HealthImmunise Australia Program is responsible to promote immunisation in Australia. All the age groups are supported by this program to increase the rate of immunization at national level for all the diseases that can be prevented by vaccines. There is a decreasing rate of both infectious and non-infectious diseases due to strong immunisation programs in Australia (Fisher et al., 2016). However, it has been a longstanding challenge for the Australian government to improve the health status of the Indigenous population. The cultural, political, and socioeconomic context leads to the social stratification pro cess, allocating people to different position in the society (Wiley et al., 2013). However, the end results includes unequal distribution of economic resources, prestige and power. Aborginality, ethnicity, gender, educational attainment, occupational status, income level, and disability are the primary indictors of the social position (Edwards Homel, 2016). The socio-political determinants affecting the health of the Australian community are many. The area with the lower vaccine uptake has been associated with low socioeconomic status, which is measured as highest individual class, occupation, income within the household or depression index for the location resided by the patient. Low income decreases the ability to access medicines and high quality health care services. Higher probability of the vaccine uptake correlated with higher income (Fisher et al., 2016). Therefore, the infectious diseases are more prevalent in lower social classes than the upper social classes. Ethnicity has been well documented as the contributing factor of health inequity (Edwards Homel, 2016). Indigenous Australians are more considerate with the cultural values and health beliefs about vaccinations (Gibbs et al., 2015). The Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islanders are more likely to adhere to the indigenous health practices. They mostly rely on healthy li festyles and doubt the efficacy of the vaccines. On the other hand, the vaccinated people are more confident about efficacy of vaccines. They value and respect the benefits associated with immunisation (Tayler et al., 2013). People with low education and literacy levels lack awareness about health and illness. In addition lack of support and social relations deprive people of the practical and emotional resources. This diminishes their ability to use the health resources or information (Tayler et al., 2013). People living in the remote areas, overcrowded and run-down housing are highly susceptible to spread of communicable diseases (Edwards Homel, 2016). The cultural norms in Aboriginal community negatively impacts the health of the children. Racism is self-reported among the carers of the children causing illness. The Anglo-Australian cultural dominance underpins the Australian health services, which causes overt incidents of racism. This is the outcome of exclusion of the Indigenous Australians from the mainstream power structures prior to 1967 (Mahajan et al., 2014). The other well documented factor for health inequalities in Australia are high rate of alcohol and drug abuse among adolescents and adu lts. It is the increasing cause of high prevalence of mental illness in Australian community and is mainly attributed to experience of social exclusion and poverty (Hull, 2014). The history of illness in Australian community to a great extent is due to memory of traumatic past preserved by the family and the education in school that does not recognise the Indigenous culture in depth (Fisher et al., 2016). Overall, these social determinants are found to affect immunization. According to Allen et al., (2015) the Indigenous community control of health services has a significant health impact. The controlled health services of the Aboriginal community are an example of empowering the community. This initiative is expected to have broader health benefits. There is a reduction in the psychiatric admissionsof the Indigenous Australians by 58% with the initiation of the mental health project at the Geraldton Regional Aboriginal Medical Service (Hull, 2014). Similarly, the Northern Territory Well Womens Program has achieved a high rate of cervix screening that is 61%. This rate is comparable to the general Australian women. This program has a long history of women involvement and local Aboriginal Health Services and has positive health impact on the Australian community (Tabrizi et al., 2014). Recently, there is an increase in the child development services in Australia. The federal government initiatives committed to all aspects of the National Quality Agenda for Early Childhood Education and Care has decreased the rate of illness in children (Tayler et al., 2013). The policy area contributing to health inequities in Australia among young children is the fortification of commonly consumed food, such as bread, with folate. The neural tube defects in infants can be prevented by supplementing folic acid to the pregnant women. The less advantaged community in Australia were unaware of the importance of the folic acid supplements during pregnancy. No disparity was however observed with the folate-fortified food (Wiley et al., 2013). The immunisation initiatives in Australia have addresses three of the socio-political determinants that are education, low income and children living in remote areas. The government policies in Australia currently provide incentives. This eliminates the barrier of low vaccine uptake due to low income (Gibbs et al., 2015). Addressing this determinant, the Australian government is able to enhance the uptake of vaccines for children. People were encouraged by explaining that the risk of immunisation was far less than the risk of diseases. The basis of the policy is universal immunisation of the children which will prevent the spread of diseases and death among Australian children (Mahajan et al., 2014). The Immunise Australia Program is based on the initiatives developed under the National Childhood immunisation Program. One of these initiatives includes the provision of community education programs (Hull, 2014). With the help of community education, it was possible to eliminate the pro blem of negative perception on immunisation prevalent in Indigenous communities (Fisher et al., 2016). Therefore, more people favour immunisation for their children after perceiving its health benefits. Health of people living in remote areas is severely affected. Therefore, the immunisation initiatives are extended widely to the remote areas of Australia, which have been successful in combating serious illness among Australian children in remote areas (Allen et al., 2015). In Victoria, the Australian Childhood immunisation Register, identified the home vaccination of the children who are in remote areas and unvaccinated. It is a cost effective method to achieve the goal of universal immunisation (Gibbs et al., 2015). The mothers intending to vaccinate their child during visits favoured the maternal and the child health nurses. They also favoured the opportunistic vaccination provided by GPs. In conclusion, addressing these social determinants has increased the uptake of immunisatio n in Melbourne. Despite of the increasing government efforts to increase the immunisation rate in Australia, a low rate of uptake have been found in some communities. The communities with low income, education, and social connectedness had low rate of vaccine uptake. Higher probability of the vaccine uptake correlated with higher income (Edwards Homel, 2016). Therefore, the infectious diseases are more prevalent in lower social classes than the upper social classes. Therefore, in order to increase the rate of vaccine uptake it is necessary to eliminate the fear of unfamiliar diseases due to immunisation, which is mainly prevalent among the disadvantaged society. Other than that there is a need of provision of adequate interventions such that any new policy or medicine advocated for child development is disseminated to all the communities. Both the upper social class and the lower social class people should be aware of that advocacies. For example, the need of taking folic acid supplements by pregna nt women was recognised only in the high-income group of society but not the socioeconomically disadvantaged community (Wiley et al., 2013). The immunisation initiatives should be planned keeping in view all the socio-political determinants affecting the rate of vaccine uptake in Australian community. Hence in order to improve the vaccine uptake immunisation programs were combined with other preventive interventions (Levy et al., 2014). To completely achieve the goals of immunisation there is a need of flexible delivery modalities. The lack of cultural appropriateness in the vaccination related messages hampers the uptake of immunisation due to poor concept of illness treatment among the Indigenous communities (Hull, 2014). Based on the existing socio-political determinants, the general practioner based outreach programs with home visits are best to positively attain the outcome of universal child immunisation. Home visits helps parents to access detailed information on the vaccination programs, its benefits and reactions. The study conducted by Allen et al., (2015) showed that 90% of the parents are willing to take decis ion guided by the general practioners. Therefore, GPs have great influence on overcoming the barriers due to social determinants of Australian community and increase the rate of vaccination uptake. Hull et al., (2013) highlighted that there is an increase in rotavirus coverage (83%) within 21 days after its commencement however, the coverage was low in Indigenous infants (11-17%). In 97% of the cases vaccinated children showed adherence to vaccine. As per this data rotavirus vaccines is successful in covering high population when introduced on the timeliness of other scheduled vaccines. Similarly, under the Australian National Immunisation Program for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, hepatitis A vaccine was funded and it was found to have significant impact with relatively modest vaccine coverage in the targeted population (Thompson et al., 2016) Immunisation as a public health measure had a significant impact on the reducing the burden of mortality and morbidity. It is the matter of grave public concern to enhance the rate of immunisation. It is effective in decreasing the rate of transmission of diseases and outbreaks. Hence, improving and increasing the vaccination rates via efforts is a vital aspiration of equity particularly among the target subgroups affected due to above discussed socio-economic factors. References Allen, T. J., Georgousakis, M. M., Macartney, K. K. (2015). Childhood immunisation in Australia: 2015 update. Baum, F. E., Laris, P., Fisher, M., Newman, L., MacDougall, C. (2013). Never mind the logic, give me the numbers: Former Australian health ministers' perspectives on the social determinants of health.Social Science Medicine,87, 138-146. Edwards, B., Homel, J. (2016). Demographic, attitudinal and psychosocial factors associated with childhood immunisation.Annual statistical report 2015, 71. FISHER, M., BAUM, F. E., MACDOUGALL, C., NEWMAN, L., MCDERMOTT, D. (2016). To what Extent do Australian Health Policy Documents address Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity?.Journal of Social Policy,45(03), 545-564. Gibbs, R. A., Hoskins, C., Effler, P. V. (2015). Children with no vaccinations recorded on the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,39(3), 294-295. Hull, B. P. (2014). Australian childhood immunisation coverage, 1 July to 30 September cohort, assessed as at 31 December 2013.Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report,38(2), E157. Hull, B. P., Menzies, R., Macartney, K., McIntyre, P. B. (2013). Impact of the introduction of rotavirus vaccine on the timeliness of other scheduled vaccines: the Australian experience.Vaccine,31(15), 1964-1969. Levy, A., Sullivan, S. G., Tempone, S. S., Wong, K. L., Regan, A. K., Dowse, G. K., ... Smith, D. W. (2014). Influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates for Western Australia during a period of vaccine and virus strain stability, 2010 to 2012.Vaccine,32(47), 6312-6318. Mahajan, D., Dey, A., Cook, J., Harvey, B., Menzies, R. I., Macartney, K. M. (2014). Surveillance of adverse events following immunisation in Australia, 2012.Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report,38(3), E232-46. Tabrizi, S. N., Brotherton, J. M., Kaldor, J. M., Skinner, S. R., Liu, B., Bateson, D., ... Malloy, M. (2014). Assessment of herd immunity and cross-protection after a human papillomavirus vaccination programme in Australia: a repeat cross-sectional study.The Lancet Infectious Diseases,14(10), 958-966. Tayler, C., Ishimine, K., Cloney, D., Cleveland, G., Thorpe, K. (2013). The quality of early childhood education and care services in Australia.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,38(2), 13. Thompson, C., Dey, A., Fearnley, E., Polkinghorne, B., Beard, F. (2016). Impact of the national targeted Hepatitis A immunisation program in Australia: 20002014.Vaccine. Wiley, K. E., Massey, P. D., Cooper, S. C., Wood, N., Quinn, H. E., Leask, J. (2013). Pregnant women's intention to take up a post-partum pertussis vaccine, and their willingness to take up the vaccine while pregnant: a cross sectional survey.Vaccine,31(37), 3972-3978.

The True Story Of A Black Youths Essays - Mark Mathabane

The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa Mark Mathabane I. Main Characters A. Johannes (Mark) Mathabane--Kaffir Boy revolves around Johannes for the simple reason that he is the author of this book. Growing up in Johannesburg, South Africa was especially hard for Johannes. Johannes is very smart and graduated at the top of his class during his 13 years of schooling in apartheid South Africa. Johannes has had a lot of courage and perseverance throughout his life. B. Jackson Mathabane--Johannes's father came from what is now the so-called independent homeland of the Vendas in the northwestern corner of the Transvaal. Johannes's father tried desperately to support his family, but in times of dire need, he backed away and depended on alcohol and abusive behaviors. Johannes's parents met and married in Alexandra on March 21, 1960. C. Mother--Johannes's mother came from Gazankulu, the tribal reserve for the Tsongas in the Northeastern Transvaal. She is a very loving and devoted woman. D. Johannes's siblings--Johannes has five sisters and one brother. His sisters names are Florah, Linah, Maria, Merriam, and Linah. George was his only brother. E. Ellen Mabaso--Ellen was the mother of Johannes's mother. She was a humble woman who bore four children: Uncle Piet, Aunt Bush, Uncle Cheeks, and Johannes's mother. she had a statuesque figure--tall, limber, and ebony colored complete with tribal attire and multiple anklets, beads, earrings and bracelets. She could easily been a chief's daughter. Her friendly, brown eyes had the radiance of pristine pearls. She was the most beautiful woman Johannes had ever seen. She worked six days a week, from seven to five, mowing lawns, raking leaves, clipping hedges, watering plants, sweeping driveways, cleaning yards and pruning trees for white people. F. Mr. Brown--Mr. Brown was one of the few people in the yard where the Mathabane's lived with the equivalent of a high-school education. He was a bus driver for PUTCO, but he also operated a moving service that transported people and goods between Alexandra and the tribal reserve of the Vendas. G. Mrs. Smith--Mrs. Smith was Granny's employer. She was a short, slender woman with silver hair and slightly drooping shoulders. Granny was the Smith's gardener. H. Clyde Smith--Clyde is the son of the woman who Granny works for. He is a young boy who is somewhat of a snob. As he grows, he learns to like Johannes and they become friends. I. Scaramouche--Scaramouche was a self-employed painter. He was also one of the best tennis players among people of color in Johannesburg. An excellent coach, he was well connected in white and black tennis circles. He agreed to be Johannes' coach. Scaramouche turned out to not only be a great coach but a confidant and a surrogate father. He was firm and demanding but not authoritative and stifling. Instead of teaching Johannes his style of play, he let Johannes acquire his own way. J. Tom--In June of 1972, Johannes met Tom. He is a lanky Zulu tennis player. He was very harmless-looking K. Wilfred Horn--Wilfred married to Norma. He respects black people and owns a tennis ranch in Halfway House called Barretts. He was a German immigrant. L. Arthur Ashe--Arthur Ashe was a Negro tennis player that Johannes admired very much. he condemned apartheid and did not pretend he was a white man erroneously painted black. Arthur always appeared calm, cool, and collected, even when he was surrounded in a sea of white faces. M. David--David was the number two singles player on the tennis team. He was soft-spoken, politically sensitive, and a brilliant Zulu student whose love for the English language exhaled Johannes's. Johannes and David frequently exchanged books, did English homework together, read prose and poetry together, trained together, and sat on the same seat during tennis trips. David was the first close friend Johannes ever had. The only difference between David and Johannes was that David was a womanizer. N. Helmut--Helmut was a short, brown-haired bespectacled white man with a barrel chest. He was always dressed in flashy clothing. He came from a small town in Germany and was working for a German company in South Africa only a few months before he met Johannes. He turned out to be a horrible tennis player, but good practice

Tay-Sachs Disease Essays - Lipid Storage Disorders, Rare Diseases

Tay-Sachs Disease Essays - Lipid Storage Disorders, Rare Diseases Tay-Sachs Disease Tay-Sachs disease is a fatal, genetic disorder of the nervous system. There is no treatment. Tay-Sachs was first identified in the 1880's by two physicians. Dr. Bernard Sachs of the United States has found a "cherry-red" spot in the eyes of a patient. That patient later died. After searching medical literature, he found Warren Tay of great Britain had also reported this (Information, 1994). The symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease appear after about six months. At first, the patient has an over-exaggerated "startled" reaction to sounds and begins to loose control of its head. Eventually, it cannot roll over or sit without help. Dementia (uncontrolled laughter) may set in and the head grows abnormally large. The baby then becomes blind, and dies, usually before its 5th year (Seely et al, 1992). Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal, recessive disorder caused by a deficiency in B-hexosaminidase A. Being an autosomal recessive disease, Tay-Sachs can only be passed on in its fatal form if both parents are heterozygous for the disease. If both parents are heterozygous for Tay-Sachs, there is a one in four chance of the infant having the disease. If only one parent is heterozygous, the infant has a one in two chance of being a carrier (heterozygous) for the disease(Mahany et al, 1994). In 1962, researchers found B-hexosaminidase A is responsible for the breakdown of ganglioside (gm2) in nerve cells. Ganglioside is a lipid found in modest levels in nerve cell membranes. It is constantly being synthesized and broken down. Without the B-hexosaminidase A to break down the gm2, the cells swell up and eventually burst( Diamond, 1991). B-hexosaminidase A is composed of two amino acid chains, the alpha and the beta chain(Navon et al, 1989). The gene responsible for the manufacture of B-hexosaminidase A was originally thought to be located on chromosome 7(Gilbert et al, 1975). It was later determined that the gene for the alpha chain is located on chromosome 15, and the beta chain gene is located on chromosome 5( Chern et al, 1976). In 1991, with the use of a cDNA clone, it was determined the alpha chain gene is located at 15q23-q24(Nakai et al, 1991). All forms of Tay-Sachs disease are caused by mutations in the alpha chain of the enzyme(Navon et al, 1989). The alpha chain of B-hexosaminidase A is about 35 kilobases long and split into 14 exons(Proia and Soravia, 1987). There are at least thirty different mutations that cause Tay-Sachs disease. A majority of the classical (infantile) form of the disease that is found in the Ashkenazi Jewish population is caused by one of two different gene mutations( Triggs-Raine et al, 1990). The first one, Tay Sachs disease [HexA, 4-BP INS, EX11] accounts for about 70% of heterozygous carriers in the Ashkenazi population. The mutation introduces a 4-basepair insertion into exon 11, which causes a premature termination signal. This results in a deficiency of mRNA. The 4-basepair insertion causes a frameshift which makes a termination codon 9 nucleotides down from the insertion (Myerowitz and Costigan, 1988). This mutation is also prevelant in the southwest Louisiana Cajun population. In the last three decades, 8 infants from 6 unrelated families have been diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease. With 12 heterozygous carriers in the 6 families identified, 11 were carriers of the exon 11 mutation. The other mutation was of a form of Tay-Sachs disease found in the French-Canadian populations. The second mutation is Tay-Sachs disease [HexA, IVS G-C, +1]. It is found in 20% of Ashkenazi patients and carriers. It is a G-C base substitution in the first nucleotide of intron 12. This results in defective splicing of the mRNA(Arpaia et al, 1988). Another form of Tay-Sachs disease is Adult onset Tay-Sachs [HexA, GLY269SER]. This form of Tay-Sachs is caused by an amino acid substitution in the alpha chain of the B-hexosaminidase A molecule. Glycine is substituted serine at position 269 in the HexA subunit. This is caused by a G to A substitution at the 3-prime end of exon 7 (Navon and Proia, 1989). Unlike infantile Tay-Sachs disease, Adult onset Tay-Sachs disease is not always fatal. While the former causes a rapid degeneration of the central nervous system, the latter causes a slower degeneration. This makes a normal

Critical Teaching and the tutorial for final year dental students in Dissertation

Critical Teaching and the tutorial for final year dental students in the Acute Dental Care Department at Guy's Hospital - Dissertation Example This teaching experience was however only a part-time position. Nevertheless, I have carried out small-group sessions with students. I have worked my way up to senior clinical teacher and have also given lectures and seminars, some in specialised areas of dentistry. My experience as a clinical teacher has helped me gain experience in making PowerPoint presentations, making lesson plans, and making tests; more importantly, I also found out how different personalities learn and teach differently. Current responsibilities As a clinical teacher, my duties mostly relate to watching, monitoring and aiding the student/patient relationship. In other words, my responsibilities have mostly revolved around teaching and researching. I have been involved in the establishment and development of information for the lessons and lectures, and for the development of courses. During my first few years in teaching, I mostly handled small groups of students, no more than 12 taking part in sharing data ab out emergency dentistry. In the years that followed, I was assigned to assist in giving lectures and tutorials. I have also been involved in evaluating students for their examinations and projects, mostly those in the undergraduate program. In general, my current tasks relate to looking after the student/ patient relationship by ensuring students carry out the correct clinical treatment in the correct order. I am in charge of the students learning and the patient’s safety. An hour tutorial is held at the end of each session on clinic to consolidate the days teaching into formal teaching. Personal values and hopes My desire to consider and engage in the teaching and academic profession has been based on my personal experiences with teachers and academics. These teachers and professionals have exemplified superlative knowledge and skills in the transmission and the gathering of information, sharing such data for the next generation of eager learners. I value my role as a clinic al teacher and believe that this can influence how a student works and feels about the profession. I have a desire to impart knowledge that was passed onto me as a way of thanking the excellent teachers I had. I also seek to assist the students in the establishment of their careers as well as their personal development. I hope to support and guarantee the protection of crucial and significant values, especially those which relate to my responsibilities as a clinical teacher. This also relates to a strong need to secure a sense of respect and responsibility for students, patients, fellow teachers, as well as for the teaching profession. An awareness of the diversity of the academic field is also an important element which I have recognized in the teaching profession. Moreover, I have realised the importance of establishing learning communities and groups where the teaching goals and practices can be adequately implemented and incorporated. Aspects relating to personal development: I have already established that the clinical teaching can help in the improvement of my knowledge and the refining of my academic learning. I also believe that guiding students in their learning is one of the most efficient ways to improve research and to impart knowledg